Growth And Challenges Faced By Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises In India

Umang Khandelwal, Raju Thomas, Shivani Jain, Akrati Upadhyay, Nidhi Yadav

Department of Commerce, Applied Business Economics, St. John’s College, Agra

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647865

Abstract

Micro, Small, and Medium enterprises are the backbone of any country. Micro, Small, and Medium enterprises not only generate employment opportunities but also help industries by providing raw materials as well as finished goods. It significantly contributes to the Indian economy through domestic production, technology-oriented enterprises, export production, low investment requirements, operational flexibility, etc. Micro, Small, and Medium enterprises also help in reducing unequal distribution of income. An attempt is made to know the contribution and growth made by MSMEs in India and the challenges they are facing. There are various problems Micro, small, and Medium enterprises are facing as discussed in this paper.

Keywords: Challenges, growth, MSMEs, Enterprises.

Cite this article : Umang, K., Raju, T., Shivani, J., Akrati, U., & Nidhi, Y. (2025). Growth And Challenges Faced By Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises In India. Pahal Horizon, An International Research Journal, 5(10),1-12

Inclusive Education and Health status of Rural Women in Ganjam District of Odisha: A study

Sasmita Tripathy, Manas Behera

Department of Political Science, Rama Devi Women’s University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15662588

This paper focused on the inclusive Development of rural women through Education and health. A study on Ganjam district under three block such as – Chatrapur, Ganjam and khallikote. Inclusive education is the weapons to achieve rural women empowerment. Education is regarded as the most important tool for empowering women in society. It involves more than just the evolution of an individual's personality. In India, increasing the level of education for women has a significant impact on living standards. Stated differently, the hard truth about women's education in India is that it is ultimately up to them. They believe that their sons will support their father as they get older and that their daughter would ultimately get married and move in with another family, thus they would rather spend money on their kids' education than on their daughter. Women's education is essential to raising their social status. Women are the noblest creation of God, according to Mahatma Gandhi, and they are even superior to men in their religious. To promote gender equality and the empowerment of women as effective ways to combat poverty, hunger and disease and to stimulate development in the field of Socio, Economics, political, Cultural, Educational and Health nutrition of rural women. That is truly sustainable.

Keywords: Role and status of Rural women, Review related literature, Inclusive education, methods of study, Gender equality, health status of Rural women , issues and challenges , Educational and health policy initiative ,way forward.

Cite this article : Sasmita, T., & Manas, B. (2025). Inclusive Education and Health status of Rural Women in Ganjam District of Odisha: A study. Pahal Horizon, An International Research Journal, 5(10), 13-25.

Adoption Levels Of E-Payment Systems Among E-Commerce Users: A Study In The Indian Context

Shivani Jain, Raju Thomas, Umang Khandelwal, Akrati Upadhyay, Nidhi Yadav

Department of Commerce, Applied Business Economics, St. John’s College, Agra

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15662649

This research paper investigates the adoption levels of electronic payment (e-payment) systems among e-commerce users in India. The term ‘E-Commerce Users’ here refers to ‘E-Commerce Consumers’ or in simple terms they are the ‘ Online Shoppers’ . Because e-commerce has advanced so quickly, the manner consumers do transactions for their purchases has changed. The widespread use of electronic payment systems, which give customers the ability to conduct safe and effective online transactions, is the main driver of this development. The adoption rates of electronic payment systems among e-commerce customers are examined in this study, along with the variables that affect their choices. The study is based on secondary data, examining trends, barriers, and factors influencing the acceptance and use of digital payment methods. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the study examines the adoption rates of different e-payment mechanisms and considers factors including security, convenience, trust, and societal value. This study shows that although e-commerce customers are increasingly adopting electronic payment systems, their reluctance to do so is still caused by issues with security and trust. The findings suggest that while e-commerce in India is rapidly expanding, the adoption of e-payment systems varies due to factors such as user demographics, infrastructure limitations, security concerns, and regional differences. The study ends with suggestions for e-commerce companies and the government looking to increase the uptake of e-payments and encourage more participation.

Keywords: E-Payment Systems, E-Commerce Users, Adoption Levels.

Cite this article :Shivani, J., Raju, T., Umang, K., Akrati, U., & Nidhi, Y. (2025). Adoption Levels Of E-Payment Systems Among E-Commerce Users: A Study In The Indian Context. Pahal Horizon, An International Research Journal, 5(10), 26-37.

A study of human psyche in R. K. Narayan’s The Guide

Vishwendri Chaudhary

Department of English Studies and Research Jagdish Saran Hindu Post-Graduate College, Amroha

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15728923

This paper gives a critical view of Narayan’s comment on the human condition. It provides key psychological insights. These are presented through character studies. Raju, Rosie, and Marco are the focus. The story tracks their mental shifts. Raju’s change is central. He begins as a corrupt tour guide. He ends as a spiritual figure. Narayan shows this change in depth. The novel explores identity formation. It discusses moral confusion. It also speaks of redemption. The critique treats the novel as a bildungsroman. It tracks Raju’s growth. His journey moves from early life to inner change. His background plays a role. His environment shapes him. These shape his mental self. His moral confusion is studied. His two-faced nature is clear. His lies and actions matter. These bring major results. Suffering causes reflection. Faith brings change. Redemption becomes real. His mind evolves. Growth is slow but deep. Power is also examined. Control is present in ties. These ties reveal his nature. His adaptability stands out. His mental strength grows. Others also face trauma. Their minds show pain. These minds add to the theme.

Keyword: R.K. Narayan, The Guide, human psyche, identity formation, redemption, power dynamics, spirituality, moral ambiguity.

Cite this article :Vishwendri, C. (2025). A study of human psyche in R. K. Narayan's The Guide. Pahal Horizon, An International Research Journal, 5(10),38–47.

Contours of Jain life in Mughal India (1526–1707)

Ruchi Agarwal

St. John’s College, Agra

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15729015

This research paper, Contours of Jain Life in Mughal India (1526–1707), explores the complex and evolving relationship between the Jain community and the Mughal state across successive reigns. It investigates the extent of imperial patronage, religious negotiations, and socio-political interactions that shaped Jain life under various Mughal rulers from Babur to Aurangzeb. The study highlights the significant roles played by Jain Acharyas, poets, merchants, and ministers in gaining royal favor, securing religious concessions, and influencing courtly decisions, especially during the reigns of Akbar and Shah Jahan. Akbar’s era is marked as the golden period for Jain-Mughal relations, with Jain monks like Hiravijaya Suri and Yati Bhanuchandra influencing royal policies that reflected Jain ethical principles, such as bans on animal slaughter and pilgrim taxes. The paper further discusses shifting attitudes under Jahangir, the decline in patronage during Aurangzeb’s orthodox rule, and the continuation of economic alliances through influential Jain merchants such as Shantidas Jhaveri and Jagat Seths. Despite facing episodes of religious persecution and policy reversals, the Jain community sustained its traditions through temple-building, literary production, and strategic adaptation. The narrative also includes regional developments, especially in Gujarat, Agra, and Bihar, where Jains engaged actively in commerce, politics, and cultural exchange. Through primary accounts and scholarly references, the paper underscores the resilience and adaptability of Jainism in navigating the contours of Mughal political and religious frameworks.

Keywords: Jainism, Mughal Empire, Akbar, Hiravijaya Suri, religious tolerance, farmāns, Ibadat Khana, Jain-Mughal relations, Shantidas Jhaveri, Banarsidas, Digambara, Śvetāmbara, Ahimsa, temple patronage, Jain merchants, religious pluralism, Gujarat, Agra, medieval India, Mughal court, Jain Acharyas.

Cite this article :Ruchi, A. (2025). Contours of Jain life in Mughal India (1526–1707). Pahal Horizon, An International Research Journal, 5(10), 48–54.